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In undisguised observation, the observed individuals know that the observer is present for the purpose of collecting info about their behavior. This technique is often used to understand the culture and behavior of groups or individuals. [2] In contrast, in disguised observation, the observed individuals do not know that they are being observed.
Customers looking out from a Parisian café. People-watching or crowd watching is the act of observing people and their interactions in public. [1] [2] It involves picking up on idiosyncrasies to try to interpret or guess at another person's story, interactions, and relationships with the limited details they have. [3]
People engage in voyeuristic behaviours for diverse reasons, but statistics can indicate which groups are likelier to engage in the act. Early research indicated that voyeurs were more mentally healthy than other groups with paraphilias. [8] Compared to the other groups studied, it was found that voyeurs were unlikely to be alcoholics or drug ...
Observational learning suggests that an individual's environment, cognition, and behavior all incorporate and ultimately determine how the individual functions and models. [2] Through observational learning, individual behaviors can spread across a culture through a process called diffusion chain. This basically occurs when an individual first ...
The bystander effect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in the presence of other people. The theory was first proposed in 1964 after the murder of Kitty Genovese , in which a newspaper had reported (albeit erroneously) that 38 bystanders saw or heard the ...
Participant observation was used extensively by Frank Hamilton Cushing in his study of the Zuni people in the latter half of the nineteenth century. This would be followed in the early twentieth century by studies of non-Western societies through such people as Bronisław Malinowski (1929), [2] E.E. Evans-Pritchard (1940), [3] and Margaret Mead (1928).
Cultural transmission can occur in various forms, though the most common social methods include observing other individuals, being taught or being instructed. Less obvious mechanisms include learning one's culture from the media, the information environment and various social technologies, which can lead to cultural transmission and adaptation ...
A 1913 study by John E. Coover asked ten subjects to state whether or not they could sense an experimenter looking at them, over a period of 100 possible staring periods. . The subjects' answers were correct 50.2% of the time, a result that Coover called an "astonishing approximation" of pure chance.