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Skin flora, also called skin microbiota, refers to microbiota (communities of microorganisms) that reside on the skin, typically human skin. Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1,000 species upon human skin from nineteen phyla. [1] [2] Most are found in the superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of hair follicles.
In the event of a flood, many residents and emergency personal are exposed to unclean water, which can result in several different types of skin conditions.Flood waters contain pathogens and chemicals from coming in contact with raw sewage, oil, gasoline, and household chemicals such as paints (sometimes lead based) and insecticides.
It is considered as normal skin flora and can also inhabit the human oropharynx and perineum of up to 25% of the population. In addition to that, it can cause infections in human hosts, particularly catheter-associated infections in immunocompromised patients. [1] It has also been associated with at least one case of gastroenteritis. [2]
It is part of the skin flora of humans, [3] and its largest populations are usually found at the axillae, perineum, and inguinal areas. [4] S. haemolyticus also colonizes primates and domestic animals. [4] It is a well-known opportunistic pathogen, and is the second-most frequently isolated CoNS (S. epidermidis is the first). [5]
Ralstonia has been identified in the milk of water deer, reindeer and goats. [citation needed] Ralstonia pickettii, Ralstonia insidiosa and Ralstonia mannitolilytica have been found in many different environments including in clinical situations where they can act as pathogens. [9]
Ingesting food or water contaminated with feces can result in hepatitis A, a liver disease that can resolve on its own — but poor nutrition and sanitation can increase the risk of complications.
In non-atopic skin, S. epidermidis will help communicate the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, which both enhances the skin barrier function and helps reduce inflammation. Atopic skin will usually have the inverse effect by acting as a blocker of this pathway and possibly making the skin issue worse.
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