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The mononuclear spot test or monospot test, a form of the heterophile antibody test, [1] is a rapid test for infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). It is an improvement on the Paul–Bunnell test. [2] The test is specific for heterophile antibodies produced by the human immune system in response to EBV
Serologic tests detect antibodies directed against the Epstein–Barr virus. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), when positive, mainly reflects a past infection, whereas immunoglobulin M (IgM) mainly reflects a current infection. EBV-targeting antibodies can also be classified according to which part of the virus they bind to: Viral capsid antigen (VCA):
Epstein–Barr virus–associated lymphoproliferative diseases (also abbreviated EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases or EBV+ LPD) are a group of disorders in which one or more types of lymphoid cells (a type of white blood cell), i.e. B cells, T cells, NK cells, and histiocytic-dendritic cells, are infected with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).
Heterophile antibodies can arise in non-EBV infections. False positive monospot tests may occur in cases of HIV, lymphoma, or systemic lupus erythematosus. Other assays for detection of EBV are available, including serologic markers. [7] An important clinical pearl for heterophile antibodies is they can also be seen in genetic immunodeficiencies.
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), formally called Human gammaherpesvirus 4, is one of the nine known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. EBV is a double-stranded DNA virus. [2] Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first identified oncogenic virus, or a virus that can cause cancer. EBV ...
This photomicrograph depicts leukemia cells that contain Epstein–Barr virus using a FA staining technique. Epstein–Barr virus, EBV, is a member of the Herpesvirus family, and is one of the most common human viruses. When infection with EBV occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, it causes infectious mononucleosis 35% to 50% of the time.
Anti-core antibodies (anti-HBc) are the first antibodies produced by the body, first in short-term IgM (anti-HBc IgM), and subsequently in long-term IgG; while levels of IgM anti-HBc will peak around sixteen weeks after exposure and fall within about seven to eight months, [63] [64] IgG anti-HBc will remain detectable in the serum as a sign of ...
The hosts, or individuals infected with the virus, will produce antibodies to target these Epstein Barr viral capsid antigens. [3] IgG VCA antibodies will be produced during the early stage of the EBV infection. In contrast, IgM VCA antibodies will be produced at later stages on the infection. [1] [2] [3]