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2. Laws of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics

   The first law of thermodynamics states that, when energy passes into or out of a system (as work, heat, or matter), the system's internal energy changes in accordance with the law of conservation of energy. The second law of thermodynamics states that in a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic ...

3. Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

   For a similar process at constant temperature and volume, the change in Helmholtz free energy must be negative, <. Thus, a negative value of the change in free energy (G or A) is a necessary condition for a process to be spontaneous. This is the most useful form of the second law of thermodynamics in chemistry, where free-energy changes can be ...

4. Principle of minimum energy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_minimum_energy

   The Helmholtz free energy is a useful quantity when studying thermodynamic transformations in which the temperature is held constant. Although the reduction in the number of variables is a useful simplification, the main advantage comes from the fact that the Helmholtz free energy is minimized at equilibrium with respect to any unconstrained ...

5. First law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics

   The law distinguishes two principal forms of energy transfer, heat and thermodynamic work, that modify a thermodynamic system containing a constant amount of matter. The law also defines the internal energy of a system, an extensive property for taking account of the balance of heat and work in the system. Energy cannot be created or destroyed ...

6. Free energy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_energy

   Free-energy relationship, a relationship in physical organic chemistry; Principle of minimum energy, a thermodynamic formulation based on the second law; Thermodynamic free energy, the energy in a physical system that can be converted to do work, including: Gibbs free energy; Landau free energy (also known as grand potential) Helmholtz free energy

7. The Mechanical Universe - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe

   Produced starting in 1982, the videos make heavy use of historical dramatizations and visual aids to explain physics concepts. The latter were state of the art at the time, incorporating almost eight hours of computer animation created by computer graphics pioneer Jim Blinn along with assistants Sylvie Rueff [3] and Tom Brown at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

8. Energy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy

   The first law of thermodynamics asserts that the total energy of a system and its surroundings (but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy) is always conserved [20] and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer.

9. Conservation of energy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy

   This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 4 December 2024. Law of physics and chemistry This article is about the law of conservation of energy in physics. For sustainable energy resources, see Energy conservation. Part of a series on Continuum mechanics J = − D d φ d x {\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}} Fick's laws of diffusion Laws ...