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The carry-lookahead 4-bit adder can also be used in a higher-level circuit by having each CLA logic circuit produce a propagate and generate signal to a higher-level CLA logic circuit. The group propagate ( P G {\displaystyle PG} ) and group generate ( G G {\displaystyle GG} ) for a 4-bit CLA are:
By combining 4 CLAs and an LCU together creates a 16-bit adder. Four of these units can be combined to form a 64-bit adder. An additional (second-level) LCU is needed that accepts the propagate and generate from each LCU and the four carry outputs generated by the second-level LCU are fed into the first-level LCUs.
An example of a 4-bit Kogge–Stone adder is shown in the diagram. Each vertical stage produces a "propagate" and a "generate" bit, as shown. The culminating generate bits (the carries) are produced in the last stage (vertically), and these bits are XOR'd with the initial propagate after the input (the red boxes) to produce the sum bits. E.g., the first (least-significant) sum bit is ...
This can be used at multiple levels to make even larger adders. For example, the following adder is a 64-bit adder that uses four 16-bit CLAs with two levels of lookahead carry units. Other adder designs include the carry-select adder, conditional sum adder, carry-skip adder, and carry-complete adder.
The Brent–Kung adder is a parallel prefix adder (PPA) form of carry-lookahead adder (CLA). Proposed by Richard Peirce Brent and Hsiang Te Kung in 1982 it introduced higher regularity to the adder structure and has less wiring congestion leading to better performance and less necessary chip area to implement compared to the Kogge–Stone adder (KSA).
A logic circuit diagram for a 4-bit carry lookahead binary adder design using only the AND, OR, and XOR logic gates.. A logic gate is a device that performs a Boolean function, a logical operation performed on one or more binary inputs that produces a single binary output.
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A 16-bit carry-select adder with a uniform block size of 4 can be created with three of these blocks and a 4-bit ripple-carry adder. Since carry-in is known at the beginning of computation, a carry select block is not needed for the first four bits. The delay of this adder will be four full adder delays, plus three MUX delays.