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In biofilm-associated infections, quinolones exhibit a good ability to penetrate the biofilm and target bacteria within it, especially during the early stages of biofilm formation. Their antibiofilm activity is generally higher than that of old beta-lactams and glycopeptides but remains lower compared to antibiotics such as tetracyclines ...
The level of antibiotic resistance in a biofilm is much greater than that of non-biofilm bacteria, and can be as much as 5,000 times greater. [50] The extracellular matrix of biofilm is considered one of the leading factors that can reduce the penetration of antibiotics into a biofilm structure and contributes to antibiotic resistance. [133]
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, ...
The following is a list of antibiotics. The highest division between antibiotics is bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior.
The application of nanoparticles (NP) are one of novel promising techniques to target biofilms due to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, their ability to penetrate to the deeper layers of biofilms and the capacity to releasing antimicrobial agents in a controlled way. Studying NP-EPS interactions could provide deeper understanding on how ...
β-Lactam antibiotics are indicated for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. At first, β-lactam antibiotics were mainly active only against gram-positive bacteria, yet the recent development of broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics active against various gram-negative organisms has increased their usefulness.
The development of these resistances to common antibiotics is partially due to adaptive resistance through overexposure and selection of resistant strains, but S. marcescens also has intrinsic resistance from sources such as lipopolysaccharide modifications, which can reduce antibiotic penetration, and adaptive resistance through biofilm ...
One promising alternative is the combination of bacteriophage therapy and β-lactam antibiotics. [5] This approach is known as phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS), it has been shown to enhance bacterial elimination, improve biofilm penetration, reduce the emergence of resistant mutants and increase bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics.