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  2. Optical path - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_path

    Optical path (OP) is the trajectory that a light ray follows as it propagates through an optical medium. The geometrical optical-path length or simply geometrical path length ( GPD ) is the length of a segment in a given OP, i.e., the Euclidean distance integrated along a ray between any two points. [ 1 ]

  3. Optical path length - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_path_length

    An electromagnetic wave propagating along a path C has the phase shift over C as if it was propagating a path in a vacuum, length of which, is equal to the optical path length of C. Thus, if a wave is traveling through several different media, then the optical path length of each medium can be added to find the total optical path length. The ...

  4. Helmholtz reciprocity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_reciprocity

    When there are magnetic fields in the path of the ray, the principle does not apply. [4] Departure of the optical medium from linearity also causes departure from Helmholtz reciprocity, as well as the presence of moving objects in the path of the ray. Helmholtz reciprocity referred originally to light.

  5. Geometrical optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_optics

    A slightly more rigorous definition of a light ray follows from Fermat's principle, which states that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time. [1] Geometrical optics is often simplified by making the paraxial approximation, or "small angle approximation".

  6. Liquid-crystal laser - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser

    This in turn shifts the band edge and changes the optical path length in the lasing cavity. Applying a static electric field perpendicular to the dipole moment of the local nematic phase rotates the rod-like subunits in the hexagonal plane and reorders the chiral phase, winding or unwinding the helical pitch. [ 16 ]

  7. Snell's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law

    Snell's law can be derived from Fermat's principle, which states that the light travels the path which takes the least time. By taking the derivative of the optical path length, the stationary point is found giving the path taken by the light. (There are situations of light violating Fermat's principle by not taking the least time path, as in ...

  8. Top 5 Most Expensive States for Car Insurance Rates - AOL

    www.aol.com/top-5-most-expensive-states...

    State. Average Monthly Rate: Minimum Coverage. Average Monthly Rate: Standard Coverage. Average Monthly Rate. Michigan. $151. $522. $481. New Jersey. $120. $390. $360

  9. Ray (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(optics)

    The principal ray or chief ray (sometimes known as the b ray) in an optical system is the meridional ray that starts at an edge of an object and passes through the center of the aperture stop. [5] [8] [7] The distance between the chief ray (or an extension of it for a virtual image) and the optical axis at an image location defines the size of ...