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Buddhist modernism (also referred to as modern Buddhism, [1] modernist Buddhism, [2] Neo-Buddhism, [3] and Protestant Buddhism [4]) are new movements based on modern era reinterpretations of Buddhism. [5] [6] [7] David McMahan states that modernism in Buddhism is similar to those found in other religions.
Buddhist studies, also known as Buddhology, is the academic study of Buddhism.The term Buddhology was coined in the early 20th century by the Unitarian minister Joseph Estlin Carpenter to mean the "study of Buddhahood, the nature of the Buddha, and doctrines of a Buddha", but the terms Buddhology and Buddhist studies are generally synonymous in the contemporary context.
Dharmapala also argued that Buddhism included a strong social element, interpreting it as liberal, altruistic and democratic. A later Sri Lankan philosopher, K. N. Jayatilleke (1920–1970), wrote the classic modern account of Buddhist epistemology (Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, 1963).
Buddhism (/ ˈ b ʊ d ɪ z əm / BUUD-ih-zəm, US also / ˈ b uː d-/ BOOD-), [1] [2] [3] also known as Buddha Dharma, is an Indian religion [a] and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE. [7]
Engaged Buddhism, also known as socially engaged Buddhism, refers to a Buddhist social movement that emerged in Asia in the 20th century. It is composed of Buddhists who seek to apply Buddhist ethics, insights acquired from meditation practice, and the teachings of the Buddhist dharma to contemporary situations of social, political, environmental, and economic suffering, and injustice.
Efforts to revive Buddhism in India began in the 19th century, such as with the efforts of Sri Lankan Buddhist leader Anagarika Dharmapala who founded the Maha Bodhi Society. [16] The Maha Bodhi Society, according to Bhagwan Das, was not a Dalit movement however, because it mainly attracted upper-caste Hindus to Buddhism.
Dharmapala also traveled to the UK and the US to teach Buddhism. This society helped usher in a revival of Buddhism in India, where Buddhism became popular among some Indian intellectuals. [161] One of these was the lawyer B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956), leader of the Dalit Buddhist movement, who urged low caste Indian Dalits to convert to Buddhism.
Notable modern scholars in Buddhist studies Eugène Burnouf (1801–1852) Viggo Fausböll (1821–1908) Robert Caesar Childers (1838–1876) T.W. Rhys Davids (1843–1922) Nanjo Bunyu (1849–1927) Hermann Oldenberg (1854–1920) Wilhelm Geiger (1856–1943) C.A.F. Rhys Davids (1857–1942) Robert Chalmers (1858–1938) P. Lakshmi Narasu (1861 ...