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While many Assyrians have fled from their traditional homeland recently, [275] [276] a substantial number still reside in Arabic-speaking countries speaking Arabic alongside the Neo-Aramaic languages [277] [2] [278] and is also spoken by many Assyrians in the diaspora.
A giant lamassu from the royal palace of the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II (r. 722–705 BC) at Dur-Sharrukin The history of the Assyrians encompasses nearly five millennia, covering the history of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Assyria, including its territory, culture and people, as well as the later history of the Assyrian people after the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 609 BC.
Further east the Sutean, Aramean and Arab tribes formed confederations in the Syrian Desert and the Middle Euphrates region. Further south in the region of Palestine and Transjordan were Canaanite-spreaking Biblical kingdoms of Israel, Judah, Ammon, Edom and Moab. There were also the Arab tribes of Nabatu and the Qedarites.
While the Assyrian rulers of the Old Assyrian period had governed with the title iššiak ("governor") jointly with a city assembly made up of influential figures from Assur, the Middle Assyrian kings were autocratic rulers who used the title šar ("king") and sought equal status to the monarchs of other empires. The transition into an empire ...
Although a handful of Assyrians had migrated to the United Kingdom during the Victorian era, the Assyrian diaspora began in earnest during World War I (1914–1918) as the Ottoman Empire conducted both large scale genocide and ethnic cleansing against the Assyrian people with the aid of local Kurdish, Iranian and Arab tribes.
He stretched the Assyrian Empire further south than before, conquering Dilmun, a pre-Arab civilisation of the Arabian Peninsula that encompassed modern Bahrain, Kuwait, [24] [25] Qatar and the coastal regions of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. [26] However, Tukulti-Ninurta's sons rebelled and besieged the ageing king in his capital.
Because the rule and actions of the Assyrian king were seen as divinely sanctioned, [122] resistance to Assyrian sovereignty in times of war was regarded to be resistance against divine will, which deserved punishment. [123] Peoples and polities who revolted against Assyria were seen as criminals against the divine world order. [124]
Upon Esarhaddon's return to Assyria he erected a stele alongside the previous Egyptian and Assyrian stelae of Nahr el-Kalb, as well as the victory stele of Esarhaddon at Zincirli Höyük, showing Taharqa's young son Ushankhuru in bondage. [9] The Babylonian Chronicles retells how Egypt "was sacked and its gods were abducted". [12]