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Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.
Since and the inverse function : are continuous, they have antiderivatives by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Laisant proved that if F {\displaystyle F} is an antiderivative of f {\displaystyle f} , then the antiderivatives of f − 1 {\displaystyle f^{-1}} are:
A constant, such pi, that may be defined by the integral of an algebraic function over an algebraic domain is known as a period. The following is a list of some of the most common or interesting definite integrals. For a list of indefinite integrals see List of indefinite integrals.
A line integral (sometimes called a path integral) is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. [42] Various different line integrals are in use. In the case of a closed curve it is also called a contour integral. The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field.
The slope field of () = +, showing three of the infinitely many solutions that can be produced by varying the arbitrary constant c.. In calculus, an antiderivative, inverse derivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral [Note 1] of a continuous function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function f.
That is, the derivative of the area function A(x) exists and is equal to the original function f(x), so the area function is an antiderivative of the original function. Thus, the derivative of the integral of a function (the area) is the original function, so that derivative and integral are inverse operations which reverse each other. This is ...
For a complete list of integral formulas, see lists of integrals. In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration. For each inverse hyperbolic integration formula below there is a corresponding formula in the list of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions. The ISO 80000-2 standard uses ...
Here the final equality follows by the gradient theorem, since the function f(x) = | x | α+1 is differentiable on R n if α ≥ 1. If α < 1 then this equality will still hold in most cases, but caution must be taken if γ passes through or encloses the origin, because the integrand vector field | x | α − 1 x will fail to be defined there.