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Spina bifida (SB; /ˌspaɪnə ˈbɪfɪdə/, [9] Latin for 'split spine') [10] is a birth defect in which there is incomplete closing of the spine and the membranes around the spinal cord during early development in pregnancy. [1] There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele. [1]
Prenatal repair of spina bifida is available in specialty centers. Fetuses treated with prenatal fetal repair have significantly improved outcomes compared to children whose defects are repaired shortly after birth. [6] Specifically, fetal repair reduces the rate of hydrocephalus, ventriculoperitoneal shunt dependence, and Chiari malformation ...
In tethered spinal cord cases spina bifida can be accompanied by tethering of the spinal cord but in rare cases with Spina bifida occulta. Tethering of the spinal cord tends to occur in the cases of Spina bifida with mylomeningocele. In most people the spine grows faster than the spinal cord during development which causes the end of the spinal ...
The March of Dimes has campaigned for public education on folic acid, [38] a vitamin which can prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly if mothers have enough of it in their body. The March of Dimes has funded polls on folic acid from The Gallup Organization. [39]
People who have a medical condition which impairs control of their defecation use bowel management techniques to choose a predictable time and place to evacuate. [1] A simple bowel management technique might include diet control and establishing a toilet routine. [1] As a more involved practice a person might use an enema to relieve themselves. [1]
The procedure is performed to divert the flow of urine away from the bladder when the bladder is not functioning or has been removed. Indications include bladder cancer, spinal cord injury , malfunction of the bladder, and birth defects such as spina bifida .
Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. [1] It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception. [2]
Patients with spina bifida have a neural tube that has failed to completely form. This is most commonly in the lower back area in the region of the conus medullaris or cauda equina . Therefore, spina bifida affects the bowel similarly to a lower motor neuron spinal cord injury, resulting in a flaccid, unreactive rectal wall.