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One of the most prevalent forms of adverse drug reactions is cutaneous reactions, [1] with drug-induced urticaria ranking as the second most common type, preceded by drug-induced exanthems. [2] Urticaria, commonly known as hives , manifests as weals, itching, burning, redness, swelling, and angioedema —a rapid swelling of lower skin layers ...
The first outbreak of urticaria can lead to other reactions on body parts not directly stimulated, scraped, or scratched. In a normal case, the swelling will decrease without treatment within 15–30 minutes, but, in extreme cases, itchy red welts may last anywhere from a few hours to days.
Urticaria pigmentosa (also known as generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis (childhood type) [1]: 616 ) is the most common form of cutaneous mastocytosis. It is a rare disease caused by excessive numbers of mast cells in the skin that produce hives or lesions on the skin when irritated.
Hives, also known as urticaria, is a kind of skin rash with red and/or flesh-colored, raised, itchy bumps. [1] Hives may burn or sting. [2] The patches of rash may appear on different body parts, [2] with variable duration from minutes to days, and do not leave any long-lasting skin change. [2]
Erythroderma is generalized exfoliative dermatitis, which involves 90% or more of the patient's skin. [3] The most common cause of erythroderma is exacerbation of an underlying skin disease, such as Harlequin-type ichthyosis, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, lichen planus, pityriasis rubra pilaris or a drug reaction, such as the use of topical steroids. [4]
[9] [10] Treatment primarily involves managing symptoms and includes the use of antihistamines, corticosteroids, monoclonal antibodies , and in some cases, immunosuppressive drugs. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Despite ongoing research, many aspects of autoimmune urticaria remain poorly understood, and it continues to be a challenging condition to manage.
The exact mechanism of the condition is unknown. Some studies have suggested the itching occurs in response to increased fibrinolytic activity in the skin, [5] [6] inappropriate activation of the sympathetic nervous system, [7] increased activity of acetylcholinesterase, [8] [9] or an increase in mast cell degranulation that releases histamine and other chemicals into the body.
Antihistamines, specifically H1-antihistamines, are medicines which provide relief for allergic symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, itching, and watery eyes from seasonal allergies . They are usually the first line of medications prescribed by a general practitioner, or a pharmacist for allergies in a community pharmacy.