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The Talmud also offers signs for determining whether a bird is kosher or not. If a bird kills other animals to get its food, eats meat, or is a dangerous bird, then is not kosher, a predatory bird is unfit to eat, raptors like the eagles, hawks, owls and other hunting birds are not kosher, vultures and other carrion-eating birds are not kosher ...
Land-dwelling mammals possessing only one of the two characteristics of kosher land-dwellers, such as the camel [12] who ruminates but has no cloven hooves or the pig who possesses cloven hooves but does not ruminate, are not kosher. These two animals are cited explicitly. Given these conditions, there is no kosher land-dwelling non-mammal.
The animal must be of a permitted species. For mammals, this is restricted to ruminants which have split hooves. [2] For birds, although biblically any species of bird not specifically excluded in Deuteronomy 14:12–18 would be permitted, [3] doubts as to the identity and scope of the species on the biblical list led to rabbinical law permitting only birds with a tradition of being permissible.
The Bible gives a list of non-kosher birds in Leviticus 11:13–19 and Deuteronomy 14:11–18. (See kosher animals for full article). However, today it is not clear which species the Bible had in mind. People who keep kosher rely on several rules listed in the Talmud and on tradition to know which birds may be consumed.
[4]: 211 Doves are considered kosher, though are not as common in the Jewish diet as they were in ancient times. Texts about methods of raising pigeons for their meat date as far back as AD 60 in Spain. [10] Such birds were hunted for their meat because it was a cheap and readily available source of protein. [4]
This prohibition should not be confused with a separate category of prohibition, called nevelah (a carcass), of eating of any kosher species of mammal or bird which died by any means other than shechita. [4] Thus, an animal could only be considered a terefah while alive; once it dies of its terefah wound it would be considered a nevelah.
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The Talmudic writers had a similar analysis, [26] but believed that since domesticated kosher animals (sheep, goats, and cattle) have similar meat to birds and to the non-domestic kosher land-animals, they should prohibit these latter meats too, [27] creating a general prohibition against mixing milk and meat from any kosher animal, excepting ...