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The first polynomial factorization algorithm was published by Theodor von Schubert in 1793. [1] Leopold Kronecker rediscovered Schubert's algorithm in 1882 and extended it to multivariate polynomials and coefficients in an algebraic extension. But most of the knowledge on this topic is not older than circa 1965 and the first computer algebra ...
For example, 3 × 5 is an integer factorization of 15, and (x – 2)(x + 2) is a polynomial factorization of x 2 – 4. Factorization is not usually considered meaningful within number systems possessing division , such as the real or complex numbers , since any x {\displaystyle x} can be trivially written as ( x y ) × ( 1 / y ) {\displaystyle ...
The polynomial P = x 4 + 1 is irreducible over Q but not over any finite field. On any field extension of F 2, P = (x + 1) 4. On every other finite field, at least one of −1, 2 and −2 is a square, because the product of two non-squares is a square and so we have; If =, then = (+) ().
The entry 4+2i = −i(1+i) 2 (2+i), for example, could also be written as 4+2i= (1+i) 2 (1−2i). The entries in the table resolve this ambiguity by the following convention: the factors are primes in the right complex half plane with absolute value of the real part larger than or equal to the absolute value of the imaginary part.
To factorize a small integer n using mental or pen-and-paper arithmetic, the simplest method is trial division: checking if the number is divisible by prime numbers 2, 3, 5, and so on, up to the square root of n. For larger numbers, especially when using a computer, various more sophisticated factorization algorithms are more efficient.
In mathematics, a matrix factorization of a polynomial is a technique for factoring irreducible polynomials with matrices. David Eisenbud proved that every multivariate real-valued polynomial p without linear terms can be written as AB = pI, where A and B are square matrices and I is the identity matrix. [1]
Squares are always congruent to 0, 1, 4, 5, 9, 16 modulo 20. The values repeat with each increase of a by 10. In this example, N is 17 mod 20, so subtracting 17 mod 20 (or adding 3), produces 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, and 19 modulo 20 for these values. It is apparent that only the 4 from this list can be a square.
First we compute 2P. We have s(P) = s(1,1) = 4, so the coordinates of 2P = (x ′, y ′) are x ′ = s 2 – 2x = 14 and y ′ = s(x – x ′) – y = 4(1 – 14) – 1 = –53, all numbers understood (mod n). Just to check that this 2P is indeed on the curve: (–53) 2 = 2809 = 14 3 + 5·14 – 5. Then we compute 3(2P). We have s(2P) = s(14 ...