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A wide range of methods have been developed to assess the structure of human populations with the use of genetic data. Early studies of within and between-group genetic variation used physical phenotypes and blood groups, with modern genetic studies using genetic markers such as Alu sequences, short tandem repeat polymorphisms, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), among others. [11]
The three gene model was originally proposed in conjunction with the four gene model; [8] however, rather than the Hox cluster and the ParaHox cluster resulting from a cluster containing three genes, the Hox cluster and ParaHox cluster were as a result of single gene tandem duplication, identical genes found adjacent on the same chromosome. [7]
Family aggregation, also known as familial aggregation, is the clustering of certain traits, behaviours, or disorders within a given family. Family aggregation may arise because of genetic or environmental similarities.
WGCNA can be used as a data reduction technique (related to oblique factor analysis), as a clustering method (fuzzy clustering), as a feature selection method (e.g. as gene screening method), as a framework for integrating complementary (genomic) data (based on weighted correlations between quantitative variables), and as a data exploratory ...
Fuzzy clustering (also referred to as soft clustering or soft k-means) is a form of clustering in which each data point can belong to more than one cluster.. Clustering or cluster analysis involves assigning data points to clusters such that items in the same cluster are as similar as possible, while items belonging to different clusters are as dissimilar as possible.
In CAGA (clustering-based adaptive genetic algorithm), [27] through the use of clustering analysis to judge the optimization states of the population, the adjustment of pc and pm depends on these optimization states. Recent approaches use more abstract variables for deciding pc and pm.
Sequence clustering is often used to make a non-redundant set of representative sequences. Sequence clusters are often synonymous with (but not identical to) protein families . Determining a representative tertiary structure for each sequence cluster is the aim of many structural genomics initiatives.
In population genetics, linkage disequilibrium (LD) is a measure of non-random association between segments of DNA at different positions on the chromosome in a given population based on a comparison between the frequency at which two alleles are detected together at the same loci versus the frequencies at which each allele is simply detected (alone or with the second allele) at that same loci.