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Major factors influencing cardiac output – heart rate and stroke volume, both of which are variable. [1]In cardiac physiology, cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output and often denoted by the symbols , ˙, or ˙, [2] is the volumetric flow rate of the heart's pumping output: that is, the volume of blood being pumped by a single ventricle of the heart, per unit time (usually measured ...
3 to 5 minutes 1.5 to 3.5 minutes FL280 (28,000 ft; 8,550 m) 2.5 to 3 minutes 1.25 to 1.5 minutes FL300 (30,000 ft; 9,150 m) 1 to 2 minutes 30 to 60 seconds FL350 (35,000 ft; 10,650 m) 30 to 60 seconds 15 to 30 seconds FL400 (40,000 ft; 12,200 m) 15 to 20 seconds 7 to 10 seconds FL430 (43,000 ft; 13,100 m) 9 to 12 seconds 5 to 6 seconds
A minimum systolic value can be roughly estimated by palpation, most often used in emergency situations, but should be used with caution. [10] It has been estimated that, using 50% percentiles, carotid, femoral and radial pulses are present in patients with a systolic blood pressure > 70 mmHg, carotid and femoral pulses alone in patients with systolic blood pressure of > 50 mmHg, and only a ...
Heart rate (HR) (top trace) and tidal volume (Vt) (lung volume, second trace) plotted on the same chart, showing how heart rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration. Heart rate is not a stable value and it increases or decreases in response to the body's need in a way to maintain an equilibrium ( basal metabolic rate ...
Flight-time equivalent dose (FED) is an informal unit of measurement of ionizing radiation exposure. Expressed in units of flight-time (i.e., flight-seconds, flight-minutes, flight-hours), one unit of flight-time is approximately equivalent to the radiological dose received during the same unit of time spent in an airliner at cruising altitude.
For the comfort of the patient this is done over a 15-second time period before being extrapolated to a value for one minute expressed as liters/minute. Average values for males and females are 140–180 and 80–120 liters per minute respectively. [medical citation needed]
In cardiovascular physiology, stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat. Stroke volume is calculated using measurements of ventricle volumes from an echocardiogram and subtracting the volume of the blood in the ventricle at the end of a beat (called end-systolic volume [note 1]) from the volume of blood just prior to the beat (called end-diastolic volume).
Given a H i of 0.40, if the H m is assumed to be 0.25.then from the equation above the RCM count is still high and ANH is not necessary, if BL s does not exceed 2303 ml, since the hemotocrit will not fall below H m, although five units of blood must be removed during hemodilution.