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More flexible cascaded validation of collection types; e.g. values and keys of maps can be validated now: Map<@Valid CustomerType, @Valid Customer> customersByType; Support for java.util.Optional; Support for the property types declared by JavaFX; Support for custom container types by plugging in additional value extractors
Storing the instances in a map, and returning the same instance to each request for an instance with same parameters (multiton pattern) Using lazy initialization to instantiate the object the first time it is requested (lazy initialization pattern)
The implementation of the idiom relies on the initialization phase of execution within the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) as specified by the Java Language Specification (JLS). [3] When the class Something is loaded by the JVM, the class goes through initialization. Since the class does not have any static variables to initialize, the ...
Initialization is done either by statically embedding the value at compile time, or else by assignment at run time. A section of code that performs such initialization is generally known as "initialization code" and may include other, one-time-only, functions such as opening files; in object-oriented programming , initialization code may be ...
find the value (if any) that is bound to a given key. The argument to this operation is the key, and the value is returned from the operation. If no value is found, some lookup functions raise an exception, while others return a default value (such as zero, null, or a specific value passed to the constructor).
Complete article "Java Singleton Pattern Explained" Four different ways to implement singleton in Java "Ways to implement singleton in Java" Book extract: Implementing the Singleton Pattern in C# by Jon Skeet; Singleton at Microsoft patterns & practices Developer Center; IBM article "Double-checked locking and the Singleton pattern" by Peter Haggar
A constructor is a method that is called at the beginning of an object's lifetime to create and initialize the object, a process called construction (or instantiation). Initialization may include an acquisition of resources. Constructors may have parameters but usually do not return values in most languages. See the following example in Java:
It may initialize data members to zero or other same values, or it may do nothing at all. In Java, a "default constructor" refer to a nullary constructor that is automatically generated by the compiler if no constructors have been defined for the class or in the absence of any programmer-defined constructors (e.g. in Java, the default ...