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  2. Evidentiality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidentiality

    For example, according to Aikhenvald, a given language may use the same element to mark both evidentiality and mirativity, i.e., unexpected information. She claims that this is the case of Western Apache where the post-verbal particle lą̄ą̄ primarily functions as a mirative but also has a secondary function as an inferential evidential.

  3. Learned treatise - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_treatise

    There were four ways to introduce such evidence: [citation needed] Adduce testimony that the opposing expert witness actually used that text to reach his conclusions; Adduce testimony by the opposing expert admitting that the text is an authority in the field;

  4. Judicial notice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_notice

    Facts and materials admitted under judicial notice are accepted without being formally introduced by a witness or other rule of evidence, even if one party wishes to plead evidence to the contrary. Judicial notice is frequently used for the simplest, most obvious common sense facts, such as which day of the week corresponded to a particular ...

  5. Empirical evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence

    Empirical evidence is evidence obtained through sense experience or experimental procedure. It is of central importance to the sciences and plays a role in various other fields, like epistemology and law. There is no general agreement on how the terms evidence and empirical are to be defined. Often different fields work with quite different ...

  6. Foundation (evidence) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(evidence)

    For example, in a murder case where the victim was killed by a gunshot wound, evidence showing the Defendant owned guns is relevant; however, evidence that the defendant owned guns is inadmissible to show he is a "murderous criminal" without further evidence those weapons were brought to the scene of the crime. [15]

  7. Hearsay in English law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearsay_in_English_Law

    This includes hearsay of multiple degree (that is, hearsay evidence of hearsay evidence: for example "Jack told me that Jill told him that she went up the hill"). Other provisions of the 1995 Act preserve common law rules relating to public documents, published works of a public nature and public records. [ 14 ]

  8. Parol evidence rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule

    The parol evidence rule is a rule in common law jurisdictions limiting the kinds of evidence parties to a contract dispute can introduce when trying to determine the specific terms of a contract [1] and precluding parties who have reduced their agreement to a final written document from later introducing other evidence, such as the content of oral discussions from earlier in the negotiation ...

  9. Hearsay in United States law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearsay_in_United_States_law

    Hearsay is testimony from a witness under oath who is reciting an out-of-court statement that is being offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. The Federal Rules of Evidence prohibit introducing hearsay statements during applicable federal court proceedings, unless one of nearly thirty exemptions or exceptions applies. [1]