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In prime factorization, the multiplicity of a prime factor is its -adic valuation.For example, the prime factorization of the integer 60 is . 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5, the multiplicity of the prime factor 2 is 2, while the multiplicity of each of the prime factors 3 and 5 is 1.
By successively dividing out factors x − a, one sees that any polynomial with complex coefficients can be written as a constant (its leading coefficient) times a product of such polynomial factors of degree 1; as a consequence, the number of (complex) roots counted with their multiplicities is exactly equal to the degree of the polynomial.
English: Graph of the polynomial y = x^3 + 2*x^2 - 7*x + 4 with its roots (zeros) -4 and 1 marked. The root -4 is a 'simple' root (of multiplicity 1), and therefore the graph crosses the x-axis at this root. The root 1 is of even multiplicity and therefore the graph bounces off the x-axis at this root.
Any nth degree polynomial has exactly n roots in the complex plane, if counted according to multiplicity. So if f(x) is a polynomial with real coefficients which does not have a root at 0 (that is a polynomial with a nonzero constant term) then the minimum number of nonreal roots is equal to (+),
The spectrum of T, denoted σ T, is the multiset of roots of the characteristic polynomial of T. Thus the elements of the spectrum are precisely the eigenvalues of T, and the multiplicity of an eigenvalue λ in the spectrum equals the dimension of the generalized eigenspace of T for λ (also called the algebraic multiplicity of λ).
In abstract algebra, multiplicity theory concerns the multiplicity of a module M at an ideal I ... is a polynomial. By definition, the multiplicity of M is = () ...
The sum of the algebraic multiplicities of all distinct eigenvalues is μ A = 4 = n, the order of the characteristic polynomial and the dimension of A. On the other hand, the geometric multiplicity of the eigenvalue 2 is only 1, because its eigenspace is spanned by just one vector [ 0 1 − 1 1 ] T {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}0&1&-1&1\end ...
Kahan discovered that polynomials with a particular set of multiplicities form what he called a pejorative manifold and proved that a multiple root is Lipschitz continuous if the perturbation maintains its multiplicity. This geometric property of multiple roots is crucial in numerical computation of multiple roots.