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Singularity is a free and open-source computer program that performs operating-system-level virtualization also known as containerization. [4]One of the main uses of Singularity is to bring containers and reproducibility to scientific computing and the high-performance computing (HPC) world.
Container Linux provides no package manager as a way for distributing payload applications, requiring instead all applications to run inside their containers. Serving as a single control host, a Container Linux instance uses the underlying operating-system-level virtualization features of the Linux kernel to create and configure multiple containers that perform as isolated Linux systems.
In software engineering, containerization is operating-system–level virtualization or application-level virtualization over multiple network resources so that software applications can run in isolated user spaces called containers in any cloud or non-cloud environment, regardless of type or vendor. [1]
OS-level virtualization is an operating system (OS) virtualization paradigm in which the kernel allows the existence of multiple isolated user space instances, including containers (LXC, Solaris Containers, AIX WPARs, HP-UX SRP Containers, Docker, Podman), zones (Solaris Containers), virtual private servers (), partitions, virtual environments (VEs), virtual kernels (DragonFly BSD), and jails ...
Originally, LXC containers were not as secure as other OS-level virtualization methods such as OpenVZ: in Linux kernels before 3.8, the root user of the guest system could run arbitrary code on the host system with root privileges, just as they can in chroot jails. [9]
The main classes of Docker objects are images, containers, and services. [23] A Docker container is a standardized, encapsulated environment that runs applications. [26] A container is managed using the Docker API or CLI. [23] A Docker image is a read-only template used to build containers. Images are used to store and ship applications. [23]
OpenVZ (Open Virtuozzo) is an operating-system-level virtualization technology for Linux. It allows a physical server to run multiple isolated operating system instances, called containers, virtual private servers (VPSs), or virtual environments (VEs). OpenVZ is similar to Solaris Containers and LXC.
The Open Container Initiative (OCI) is a Linux Foundation project, started in June 2015 by Docker, CoreOS, and the maintainers of appc (short for "App Container") to design open standards for operating system-level virtualization ().