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Gondwana (/ ɡ ɒ n d ˈ w ɑː n ə /) [1] was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent.The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Zealandia, Arabia, and the Indian Subcontinent.
The notion that Gondwana was assembled during the Late Precambrian from two older fragments along the Pan-African Mozambique Belt was first proposed in the early 1980s. [3] A decade later this continental collision was named the East African Orogeny, but it was also realised that this was not the simple bringing together of two halves.
Gondwana Private Game Reserve is a game reserve situated in the Garden Route of South Africa, near the town of Mossel Bay in the Western Cape.It was the first private game reserve to be developed along the southernmost coast of South Africa with the explicit intent of rewilding the wilderness and wildlife that previously thrived in the region prior to European colonization.
The Pan-African orogeny was a series of major Neoproterozoic orogenic events which related to the formation of the supercontinents Gondwana and Pannotia about 600 million years ago. [1] This orogeny is also known as the Pan-Gondwanan or Saldanian Orogeny . [ 2 ]
About 180 million years ago, a mantle plume under southern Gondwana caused bulging of the continental crust in the area that would later become southern Africa. [2] Within 10–20 million years, rift valleys formed on either side of the central bulge and flooded to become the proto-Atlantic Ocean and proto-Indian Ocean more or less along the present southern African coastline and separating ...
The Gondwanide orogeny was an orogeny active in the Permian that affected parts of Gondwana that are by current geography now located in southern South America, South Africa, Antarctica, Australia and New Guinea. [1] The zone of deformation in Argentina extends as a belt south and west of the cratonic nucleus of Río de la Plata–Pampia. [2]
[17] [18] Essentially, Glossopteris was restricted to the middle- and high-latitude parts of Gondwana during the Permian [19] and was an important contributor to the vast Permian coal deposits of the Southern Hemisphere continents. [20] Most northern parts of South America and Africa lack Glossopteris and its associated organs.
Until roughly , the Indian plate formed part of the supercontinent, Gondwana, together with modern Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and South America. Gondwana fragmented as these continents drifted apart at different velocities; [9] a process which led to the opening of the Indian Ocean. [10]
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