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Legionella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that can be seen using a silver stain or grown in a special media that contains cysteine, an amino acid.It is known to cause legionellosis [3] (all illnesses caused by Legionella) including a pneumonia-type illness called Legionnaires' disease and a mild flu-like illness called Pontiac fever. [3]
Legionella pneumophila, the primary causative agent for Legionnaire's disease, is an aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacterium. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] L. pneumophila is a intracellular parasite that preferentially infects soil amoebae and freshwater protozoa for replication.
The number of cases that occur globally is not known. [1] Legionnaires' disease is the cause of an estimated 2–9% of pneumonia cases that are acquired outside of a hospital. [1] An estimated 8,000 to 18,000 cases a year in the United States require hospitalization. [9] Outbreaks of disease account for a minority of cases.
Year City Venue Source Cases Deaths Fatality rate Notes 1965: Washington, D.C., United States St. Elizabeths Hospital: Unknown: 94: 16: 17%: The outbreak occurred in 1965, but was not identified as legionnaires' disease until saved blood serum was exposed to bacterial samples from the 1976 Philadelphia Legionnaires' disease outbreak.
T. cruzi take advantage of the excess membrane to form a vacuole in the host cell, gaining entry. [21] Because this repair mechanism is universal to all cells with a nucleus, T. cruzi is not picky about the target cell type. Leishmania also uses this mechanism. [22] Leishmania can also trigger phagocytosis. It is able to withstand the ...
Legionella pneumophila is the most common cause, but sometimes other species of Legionella bacteria also cause Legionnaires' disease. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The terms "Philadelphia fever" and "Legion fever" appear to have been used at the time of the outbreak and for shortly thereafter, [ 17 ] although at least one 2008 source which covers disease in a ...
Green tea-flavored yōkan, a popular Japanese red bean jelly made from agar A blood agar plate used to culture bacteria and diagnose infection. Agar (/ ˈ eɪ ɡ ɑːr / or / ˈ ɑː ɡ ər /), or agar-agar, is a jelly-like substance consisting of polysaccharides obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae, primarily from "ogonori" and "tengusa" (Gelidiaceae).
Of the 59 species listed in the table with their clinical characteristics, 11 species (or 19%) are known to be capable of natural genetic transformation. [81] Natural transformation is a bacterial adaptation for transferring DNA from one cell to another.