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2. Qibla observation by shadows - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla_observation_by_shadows

   As a result of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, the Sun's latitude position appears to move seasonally between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.. Places on Earth experience the apparent diurnal motion of the Sun from the east to the west, during which it culminates, or reaches its highest point of the day and crosses the local meridian.

3. Sunset - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset

   Near the horizon, atmospheric refraction causes sunlight rays to be distorted to such an extent that geometrically the solar disk is already about one diameter below the horizon when a sunset is observed. Sunset over the Delaware Bay at Sunset Beach, New Jersey, U.S., seen through cirrus clouds

4. Meteorological instrumentation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorological_instrumentation

   Remote sensing instruments collect data from weather events some distance from the instrument and typically stores the data where the instrument is located and often transmits the data at defined intervals to central data centers. In 1441, King Sejong's son, Prince Munjong, invented the first standardized rain gauge.

5. List of weather instruments - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_weather_instruments

   Weather stations typically have these following instruments: Thermometer for measuring air and sea surface temperature; Barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure; Hygrometer for measuring humidity; Anemometer for measuring wind speed; Pyranometer for measuring solar radiation; Rain gauge for measuring liquid precipitation over a set period ...

6. List of astronomical instruments - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical...

   An astronomical instrument is a device for observing, measuring, or recording astronomical data. [ citation needed ] They are used in the scientific field of astronomy , a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos, with the object of explaining their origin and evolution over time.

7. Atmospheric infrared sounder - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_infrared_sounder

   The instrument is designed to support climate research and improve weather forecasting. [1] Working in combination with its partner microwave instrument, the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A), AIRS observes the global water and energy cycles, climate variation and trends, and the response of the climate system to increased greenhouse gases.

8. List of space telescopes - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes

   Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g., the Sun and its planets ), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation ...

9. Pyranometer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyranometer

   A pyranometer (from Greek πῦρ (pyr) 'fire' and ἄνω (ano) 'above, sky') is a type of actinometer used for measuring solar irradiance on a planar surface and it is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (W/m 2) from the hemisphere above within a wavelength range 0.3 μm to 3 μm.