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Nephrogenic adenoma is a benign growth typically found in the urinary bladder. It is thought to result from displacement and implantation of renal tubular cells, as this entity in kidney transplant recipients has been shown to be kidney donor derived. [1] This entity should not be confused with the similar-sounding metanephric adenoma.
For example, cigarette smoking leads to the concentration of carcinogens in the urine and is a leading cause of bladder cancer. Aristolochic acid , a compound found in plants of the family Aristolochiaceae , also causes DNA mutations and is a cause of liver, urothelial and bladder cancers. [ 9 ]
Transitional cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the transitional epithelium, a tissue lining the inner surface of these hollow organs. [1] It typically occurs in the urothelium of the urinary system; in that case, it is also called urothelial carcinoma.
In histology, a signet ring cell is a cell with a large vacuole. The malignant type is seen predominantly in carcinomas. Signet ring cells are most frequently associated with stomach cancer, [1] but can arise from any number of tissues including the prostate, [2] bladder, gallbladder, [3] breast, colon, [4] ovarian stroma and testis. [5]
Some pathology grading systems apply only to malignant neoplasms ; others apply also to benign neoplasms. The neoplastic grading is a measure of cell anaplasia (reversion of differentiation ) in the sampled tumor and is based on the resemblance of the tumor to the tissue of origin. [ 1 ]
Bladder cancer is much more common in men than women; around 1.1% of men and 0.27% of women develop bladder cancer. [2] This makes bladder cancer the sixth most common cancer in men, and the seventeenth in women. [57] When women are diagnosed with bladder cancer, they tend to have more advanced disease and consequently a poorer prognosis. [57]
Glomerulations appear as checkerboard/lattice patterns, splotches, or pinpoint-sized red marks on the bladder. [7] [8] Glomerulations are classified into five grades that take into consideration the type and location of injury: Grade 0 (normal mucosa), Grade I (petechiae in at least two quadrants), Grade II (large submucosal bleeding), Grade III (diffuse global submucosal bleeding), and Grade ...
Micrograph showing contraction band necrosis, a histopathologic finding of myocardial infarction (heart attack).. Histopathology (compound of three Greek words: ἱστός histos 'tissue', πάθος pathos 'suffering', and -λογία-logia 'study of') is the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.