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The condition is also referred to as "cervical dystonia". Both agonist and antagonist muscles contract simultaneously during dystonic movement. [1] Causes of the disorder are predominantly idiopathic. A small number of patients develop the disorder as a result of another disorder or disease. Most patients first experience symptoms midlife.
Rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism and alternating hemiplegia of childhood: DYT13 607671: unknown, near D1S2667 [8] 1p36.32-p36.13 Autosomal dominant cranio-cervical/upper limb dystonia in one Italian family DYT14 See DYT5 DYT15 607488: unknown 18p11 [9] Myoclonic dystonia not linked to SGCE mutations DYT16 612067: PRKRA: 2q31.3
Noncongenital muscular torticollis may result from muscle spasm, trauma, scarring or disease of cervical vertebrae, adenitis, tonsillitis, rheumatism, enlarged cervical glands, retropharyngeal abscess, or cerebellar tumors. [19] It may be spasmodic (clonic) or permanent (tonic). The latter type may be due to Pott's Disease (tuberculosis of the ...
Spasmodic dysphonia: A dystonia of the vocal cords. The complications surrounding this form of dystonia are speech related and can cause symptoms such as speech that wavers, speech that sounds like a whisper, or speech that is hesitant. Writer's cramp (occupational dystonia): A dystonia that affects the muscles of the hand and forearm. It is ...
DBS is effective in treating primary generalized dystonia, and also used for focal dystonias such as cervical dystonia and task-specific dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). In dystonia, marked effects can be reached by targeting the GPi using high frequency DBS, with large randomized trials demonstrating improvements of ~45% and significant ...
Many patients experience improvement with sleep, are relatively free of symptoms in the morning, and develop increasingly severe symptoms as the day progresses (i.e., diurnal fluctuation). Accordingly, this disorder has sometimes been referred to as "progressive hereditary dystonia with diurnal fluctuations"(Segawa, 2000).
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Blepharospasm may be associated with dystonia in other parts of the body, particularly Meige's Syndrome. [27] [28] [4] Blepharospasm may be associated with Parkinson's Disease, but the causal mechanism is still not clear. [29] [30] In rare cases, blepharospasm is associated with multiple sclerosis. [31] [32]
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