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Major contributions in nearly every field of philosophy, especially metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786). Member of the Jewish Enlightenment. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781). Edmund Burke (1729–1797). Conservative political philosopher. Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788). Cesare Beccaria ...
Philosophers born in the 1st to 10th centuries (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically: Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
List of American philosophers. List of Jewish American philosophers; List of Armenian philosophers; List of Basque philosophers; List of British philosophers; List of Canadian philosophers; List of Chinese philosophers; List of Finnish philosophers; List of French philosophers; List of German-language philosophers; List of Icelandic philosophers
The history of philosophy is the field of inquiry that studies the historical development of philosophical thought. It aims to provide a systematic and chronological exposition of philosophical concepts and doctrines, as well as the philosophers who conceived them and the schools of thought to which they belong.
The philosophes (French for 'philosophers') were the intellectuals of the 18th-century European Enlightenment. [1] Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics and social issues.
In philosophy and in its current sense, rationalism is a line of thought that appeals to reason or the intellect as a primary or fundamental source of knowledge or justification". [1] It is typically contrasted with empiricism , which appeals to sensory experience as a primary or fundamental source of knowledge or justification. [ 2 ]
List of ethicists including religious or political figures recognized by those outside their tradition as having made major contributions to ideas about ethics, or raised major controversies by taking strong positions on previously unexplored problems.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, 1822, 1828, 1830, printed 1837; Auguste Comte, Course of Positive Philosophy, 1830–1842; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1835; William Whewell, The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences: Founded upon their History, 1840; Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self-Reliance, 1841