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Genes and samples with similar expression profiles can be automatically grouped (left and top trees). Samples may be different individuals, tissues, environments or health conditions. In this example, expression of gene set 1 is high and expression of gene set 2 is low in samples 1, 2, and 3. [51] [129]
Typical data types which are often found within a CDR include: clinical laboratory test results, patient demographics, pharmacy information, radiology reports and images, pathology reports, hospital admission, discharge and transfer dates, ICD-9 codes, discharge summaries, and progress notes. [1]
The processivity of reverse transcriptases and the priming strategies used may affect full-length cDNA production and the generation of libraries biased toward the 3’ or 5' end of genes. In the amplification step, either PCR or in vitro transcription (IVT) is currently used to amplify cDNA. One of the advantages of PCR-based methods is the ...
CAGE tags tend to start with an extra guanine (G) that is not encoded in the genome, which is attributed to the template-free 5′-extension during the first-strand cDNA synthesis [2] or reverse-transcription of the cap itself. [3] When not corrected, this can induce erroneous mapping of CAGE tags, for instance to nontranscribed pseudogenes. [2]
The algorithm can be applied to both mixed populations and temporal samples. More than 50 methods for pseudo-temporal ordering have been developed, and each has its own requirements for prior information (such as starting cells or time course data), detectable topologies, and methodology. [ 25 ]
Micrograph showing contraction band necrosis, a histopathologic finding of myocardial infarction (heart attack).. Histopathology (compound of three Greek words: ἱστός histos 'tissue', πάθος pathos 'suffering', and -λογία-logia 'study of') is the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.
These include alternative splicing, RNA editing and alternative transcription among others. [17] Additionally, transcriptome techniques are capable of capturing transcription occurring in a sample at a specific time point, although the content of the transcriptome can change during differentiation. [6]
Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments, in contrast to histopathology, which studies whole tissues. Cytopathology is frequently, less precisely, called " cytology ", which means "the study of cells ".