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The first stage consists of fitting a series of local factor models of the familiar form resulting in a set of factor returns f(i,j,t) where f(i,j,t) is the return to factor i in the jth local model at t. The factor returns are then fit to a second stage model of the form
Intellectual capital is the result of mental processes that form a set of intangible objects that can be used in economic activity and bring income to its owner (organization), covering the competencies of its people (human capital), the value relating to its relationships (relational capital), and everything that is left when the employees go home (structural capital), [1] of which ...
Intangible assets can for example be used in equity finance. For example, many Swiss companies use equity finance to support their growth, particularly Venture capital . The information gathered through interviews indicates that a supportive IP portfolio, particularly when reinforced by robust patents , plays a crucial role as a contributing ...
The Goldman Sachs asset management (GSAM) factor model is a quantitative investment model used by financial analysts to assess the potential performance and risk of company. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] There are various types of factor models – statistical models, macroeconomic models and fundamental models.
National Intangible Capital NIC consists of four basic dimensions according to the model by Edvinsson & Malone (1997). [3] This model has been further developed, [4] now consisting 48 different indicators representing the four main NIC categories: [1] Human capital: Capacity and capability of a country population Market capital: Global business ...
In 2015, Fama and French extended the model, adding a further two factors — profitability and investment. Defined analogously to the HML factor, the profitability factor (RMW) is the difference between the returns of firms with robust (high) and weak (low) operating profitability; and the investment factor (CMA) is the difference between the returns of firms that invest conservatively and ...
The AK model, which is the simplest endogenous model, gives a constant-savings rate of endogenous growth and assumes a constant, exogenous, saving rate. It models technological progress with a single parameter (usually A). The model is based on the assumption that the production function does not exhibit diminishing returns to scale.
Intangible assets, in contrast, carry a higher rate of return due to the same factors above. Averaging these rates of returns, as a percentage of the total asset base, produces a WARA. In theory, the WARA should generate the same cost of capital as the Weighted average cost of capital, or WACC. The theory holds true because the operating entity ...