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The first stage consists of fitting a series of local factor models of the familiar form resulting in a set of factor returns f(i,j,t) where f(i,j,t) is the return to factor i in the jth local model at t. The factor returns are then fit to a second stage model of the form
Intellectual capital is the result of mental processes that form a set of intangible objects that can be used in economic activity and bring income to its owner (organization), covering the competencies of its people (human capital), the value relating to its relationships (relational capital), and everything that is left when the employees go home (structural capital), [1] of which ...
The Goldman Sachs asset management (GSAM) factor model is a quantitative investment model used by financial analysts to assess the potential performance and risk of company. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] There are various types of factor models – statistical models, macroeconomic models and fundamental models.
Intangible assets can for example be used in equity finance. For example, many Swiss companies use equity finance to support their growth, particularly Venture capital . The information gathered through interviews indicates that a supportive IP portfolio, particularly when reinforced by robust patents , plays a crucial role as a contributing ...
National Intangible Capital NIC consists of four basic dimensions according to the model by Edvinsson & Malone (1997). [3] This model has been further developed, [4] now consisting 48 different indicators representing the four main NIC categories: [1] Human capital: Capacity and capability of a country population Market capital: Global business ...
In 2015, Fama and French extended the model, adding a further two factors — profitability and investment. Defined analogously to the HML factor, the profitability factor (RMW) is the difference between the returns of firms with robust (high) and weak (low) operating profitability; and the investment factor (CMA) is the difference between the returns of firms that invest conservatively and ...
Valuations can be done for assets (for example, investments in marketable securities such as companies' shares and related rights, business enterprises, or intangible assets such as patents, data and trademarks) or for liabilities (e.g., bonds issued by a company). Valuation is a subjective exercise, and in fact, the process of valuation itself ...
where + is the cost to the firm, r the rental rate of capital, w the wage rate for labor, and P is the price of the output. As in microeconomics supply and demand models, first-order conditions that the derivative of this function with respect to capital and labor will be zero at the functions maximum.