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In a Kendrick mass analysis, the Kendrick mass defect is plotted as function of nominal Kendrick mass for ions observed in a mass spectrum. [11] Ions of the same family, for example the members of an alkylation series, have the same Kendrick mass defect but different nominal Kendrick mass and are positioned along a horizontal line on the plot.
Through cryoscopy, a known constant can be used to calculate an unknown molar mass. The term "cryoscopy" means "freezing measurement" in Greek . Freezing point depression is a colligative property , so Δ T depends only on the number of solute particles dissolved, not the nature of those particles.
The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is a comprehensive one-volume reference resource for science research. First published in 1914, it is currently (as of 2024 [update] ) in its 105th edition, published in 2024.
Knowing the analytical concentrations of reactants initially in the reaction vessel and in the burette, all analytical concentrations can be derived as a function of the volume (or mass) of titrant added. The equilibrium constants may be derived by best-fitting of the experimental data with a chemical model of the equilibrium system.
Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI unit Dimension General heat/thermal capacity C = / J⋅K −1: ML 2 T −2 Θ −1: Heat capacity (isobaric)
The zero-point energy is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of the vibrating hydrogen atom, and will therefore be smaller for a D–X bond that for an H–X bond. An example is a hydrogen atom abstraction reaction R' + H–R ⇌ R'–H + R with equilibrium constant K H , where R' and R are organic radicals such that R' forms ...
where ln denotes the natural logarithm, is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and R is the ideal gas constant.This equation is exact at any one temperature and all pressures, derived from the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction be stationary in a state of chemical equilibrium.
Note that this is also the result of an extrapolation to zero scattering angle. By acquiring data on concentration and scattering intensity, the Debye plot is constructed by plotting Kc/ΔR(θ) vs. concentration. The intercept of the fitted line gives the molecular mass, while the slope corresponds to the 2nd virial coefficient.