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2. Electroless deposition - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroless_deposition

   Electroless deposition is an important process in the electronic industry for metallization of substrates. Other metallization of substrates also include physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and electroplating which produce thin metal films but require high temperature, vacuum, and a power source respectively. [20]

3. Electroless nickel-phosphorus plating - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroless_nickel...

   This creates an even layer of metal regardless of the geometry of the surface – in contrast to electroplating which suffers from uneven current density due to the effect of substrate shape on the electric resistance of the bath and therefore on the current distribution within it. [2] Moreover, it can be applied to non-conductive surfaces.

4. Constantan - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantan

   Very importantly, constantan can be processed for self-temperature compensation to match a wide range of test material coefficients of thermal expansion.A-alloy is supplied in self-temperature-compensation (S-T-C) numbers 00, 03, 05, 06, 09, 13, 15, 18, 30, 40, and 50, for use on test materials with corresponding thermal expansion coefficients, expressed in parts per million by length (or μm ...

5. Electroplating - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplating

   Electroplating, also known as electrochemical deposition or electrodeposition, is a process for producing a metal coating on a solid substrate through the reduction of cations of that metal by means of a direct electric current.

6. Copper electroplating - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_electroplating

   Copper electroplating baths can be used to plate either a strike or flash coating, which is a thin highly-adherent initial layer that is plated with additional layers of metal and that serves to improve adhesion of the subsequent layers to the underlying substrate, or a thicker coating of copper that may serve as the finish layer or as a ...

7. Plating - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plating

   In electroplating, an ionic metal is supplied with electrons to form a non-ionic coating on a substrate.A common system involves a chemical solution with the ionic form of the metal, an anode (positively charged) which may consist of the metal being plated (a soluble anode) or an insoluble anode (usually carbon, platinum, titanium, lead, or steel), and finally, a cathode (negatively charged ...