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Of the many cancer-specific schemes, the Gleason system, [3] named after Donald Floyd Gleason, used to grade the adenocarcinoma cells in prostate cancer is the most famous. This system uses a grading score ranging from 2 to 10. Lower Gleason scores describe well-differentiated less aggressive tumors.
Lower grade tumors tend to be well differentiated, have increased cell density and some cellular anomalies. Lower grade tumors already contain specific genetic alterations and may progressively accumulate more gene alterations that correlate with their tumor lineage, malignancy and progression to a higher grade. [6]
well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, further subdivided into tumors with benign and those with uncertain behavior; well-differentiated (low grade) neuroendocrine carcinomas with low-grade malignant behavior; poorly differentiated (high grade) neuroendocrine carcinomas, which are the large cell neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas.
Well-differentiated adenocarcinomas tend to resemble the glandular tissue that they are derived from, while poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas may not. By staining the cells from a biopsy , a pathologist can determine whether the tumor is an adenocarcinoma or some other type of cancer.
The new 2019 WHO classification and grading criteria for neuroendocrine tumors of the digestive system grades all the neuroendocrine tumors into three grades, based on their degree of cellular differentiation (from well-differentiated NET grade (G)1 to G3, and poorly-differentiated neuroendokrina cancer, NEC G3), morphology, mitotic rate and Ki ...
Tumor xenografts of mice subjected to castration have been shown to undergo rapid regression with a dramatic drop in androgen receptor expression in tumor cells and a steep increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells [5] Following castration, the proportion, as well as the density of neuroendocrine tumor cells, rises abruptly, eventually ...
A benign tumor is a mass of cells that does not invade neighboring tissue or metastasize (spread throughout the body). Compared to malignant (cancerous) tumors, benign tumors generally have a slower growth rate. Benign tumors have relatively well differentiated cells.
In well-differentiated forms, tumor cells resemble hepatocytes, form trabeculae, cords, and nests, and may contain bile pigment in the cytoplasm. In poorly differentiated forms, malignant epithelial cells are discohesive, pleomorphic, anaplastic, and giant. The tumor has a scant stroma and central necrosis because of the poor vascularization. [45]