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The Rhetoric to Alexander (also widely known by its title in Latin: Rhetorica ad Alexandrum; Ancient Greek: Τέχνη ῥητορική) is a treatise traditionally attributed to Aristotle. It is now generally believed to be the work of Anaximenes of Lampsacus .
A common feature of rhetoric in the grand style is the use of a repeated pattern, often emphasizing a word or phrase; this can be in the form of anaphora (Greek for 'carrying back') whereby the beginning of a series of clauses are repeated:
Speech written by Cato calling for a war against Carthage. Cato the Elder 143 BCE [10] [11] De Domo Sua: On his House: Cicero discusses grief and sacrifice Cicero 57 BCE [12] [13] De Falsis Pugnis: On Falsified Battles: Speech written by Cato against general who sought triumphs for territories they had not conquered through war. Cato the Elder ...
However, Aristotle argued that speech can be used to classify, study, and interpret speeches and as a useful skill. Aristotle believed that this technique was an art, and that persuasive speech could have truth and logic embedded within it. In the end, rhetoric speech still remained popular and was used by many scholars and philosophers. [23]
Although these figures have been in use in rhetoric throughout history, the Rhetorica ad Herennium was the first text to compile them and discuss the effects they have on an audience. Many of the following figures described in Book 4 are still used in modern rhetoric, though they were originally intended specifically for use in oral debate.
Quintilian saw rhetoric as the science of the possible deviation from a given norm, or from a pre-existing text taken as a model. Each variation can be seen as a figure (figures of speech or figures of thought). [4] From this perspective, Quintilian famously formulated four fundamental operations according to the analysis of any such variation.
Orator is the continuation of a debate between Brutus and Cicero, which originated in his text Brutus, written earlier in the same year. The oldest partial text of Orator was recovered in the monastery of Mont Saint-Michel and now is located in the library at Avranches. [3] Thirty-seven existing manuscripts have been discovered from this text.
Elocutio (lexis or phrasis in Greek) [1] [2] is a Latin term for the mastery of rhetorical devices and figures of speech in Western classical rhetoric. [2] Elocutio or style is the third of the five canons of classical rhetoric (the others being inventio, dispositio, memoria, and pronuntiatio) that concern the craft and delivery of speeches and writing.