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  2. Desalination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination

    The desalination process's energy consumption depends on the water's salinity. Brackish water desalination requires less energy than seawater desalination. [82] The energy intensity of seawater desalination has improved: It is now about 3 kWh/m 3 (in 2018), down by a factor of 10 from 20-30 kWh/m 3 in 1970.

  3. Multi-stage flash distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-stage_flash_distillation

    The process goes through the following steps: When the plant is operating in steady state, feed water at the cold inlet temperature flows, or is pumped, through the heat exchangers in the stages and warms up. When it reaches the brine heater it already has nearly the maximum temperature. In the heater, an amount of additional heat is added.

  4. Multiple-effect distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-effect_distillation

    The first and last stages need external heating and cooling respectively. The amount of heat removed from the last stage must nearly equal the amount of heat supplied to the first stage. For sea water desalination, even the first and warmest stage is typically operated at a temperature below 70-75 °C, to avoid scale formation. [3]

  5. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

    Sea-water RO (SWRO) desalination requires around 3 kWh/m 3, much higher than those required for other forms of water supply, including RO treatment of wastewater, at 0.1 to 1 kWh/m 3. Up to 50% of the seawater input can be recovered as fresh water, though lower recovery rates may reduce membrane fouling and energy consumption.

  6. Low-temperature distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-temperature_distillation

    Low temperature distillation (LTD) is a thermal distillation process in several stages, powered by temperature differences between heat and cooling sources of at least 5 K per stage. Two separate volume flows, a hot evaporator flow and a cool condenser flow, with different temperatures and vapor pressures, are sprayed in a combined pressure ...

  7. Vapor-compression desalination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_desalination

    Vapor-compression desalination (VC) refers to a distillation process where the evaporation of sea or saline water is obtained by the application of heat delivered by compressed vapor. Overview [ edit ]

  8. Solar-powered desalination unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-powered_desalination...

    The flow of water can be reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied on the higher concentration side. In Reverse osmosis desalination systems, seawater pressure is raised above the natural osmotic pressure, forcing pure water through membrane pores to the fresh water side. Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most common ...

  9. Solar humidification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_humidification

    The solar humidification–dehumidification method (HDH) is a thermal water desalination method. It is based on evaporation of sea water or brackish water and subsequent condensation of the generated humid air, mostly at ambient pressure. This process mimics the natural water cycle, but over a much shorter time frame.