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  2. Soil formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_formation

    Saprolite is a particular example of a residual soil formed from the transformation of granite, metamorphic and other types of bedrock into clay minerals. Often called weathered granite, saprolite is the result of weathering processes that include: hydrolysis, chelation from organic compounds, hydration and physical processes that include ...

  3. Lunar regolith - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_regolith

    The differences between Earth's soil and lunar soil mean that plants struggle to grow in it. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] As a result long-term space missions could require complicated and expensive efforts to provide food, such as importing Earth soil , chemically treating lunar regolith to remove heavy metals and oxidize iron atoms, and selectively breeding ...

  4. Pedosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedosphere

    The pedosphere is the skin of the Earth and only develops when there is a dynamic interaction between the atmosphere (air in and above the soil), biosphere (living organisms), lithosphere (unconsolidated regolith and consolidated bedrock) and the hydrosphere (water in, on and below the soil). The pedosphere is the foundation of terrestrial life ...

  5. Regolith - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regolith

    The term lunar soil is often used interchangeably with "lunar regolith" but typically refers to the finer fraction of regolith, that which is composed of grains one centimetre in diameter or less. Some have argued that the term "soil" is not correct in reference to the Moon because soil is defined as having organic content, whereas the Moon has ...

  6. Soil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

    Soil piping is a particular form of soil erosion that occurs below the soil surface. [237] It causes levee and dam failure, as well as sink hole formation. Turbulent flow removes soil starting at the mouth of the seep flow and the subsoil erosion advances up-gradient. [ 238 ]

  7. Soil ecology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_ecology

    Soil microbial communities experience shifts in the diversity and composition during dehydration and rehydration cycles. [5] Soil moisture affects carbon cycling a phenomenon known as Birch effect. [6] [7] Temperature variations in soil are influenced by factors such as seasonality, environmental conditions, vegetation, and soil composition.

  8. Oxisol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxisol

    The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than ten percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity.

  9. Parent material - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_material

    Parent material is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form. Soils typically inherit a great deal of structure and minerals from their parent material, and, as such, are often classified based upon their contents of consolidated or unconsolidated mineral material that has undergone some degree of physical or chemical ...