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  2. SNi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNi

    Some examples for this reaction were reported by Edward S. Lewis and Charles E. Boozer in 1952. [2] Mechanistic and kinetic studies were reported few years later by various researchers. [3] [4] Thionyl chloride first reacts with the alcohol to form an alkyl chloro sulfite, actually forming an intimate ion pair.

  3. SN2 reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN2_reaction

    The reaction occurs only when the occupied lone pair orbital of the nucleophile donates electrons to the unfilled σ* antibonding orbital between the central carbon and the leaving group. Throughout the course of the reaction, a p orbital forms at the reaction center as the result of the transition from the molecular orbitals of the reactants ...

  4. Substitution reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_reaction

    This results in S N 1 reactions usually occurring on atoms with at least two carbons bonded to them. [2] A more detailed explanation of this can be found in the main SN1 reaction page. S N 2 reaction mechanism. The S N 2 mechanism has just one step. The attack of the reagent and the expulsion of the leaving group happen simultaneously.

  5. SN1 reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN1_reaction

    An example of a reaction proceeding in a S N 1 fashion is the synthesis of 2,5-dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane from the corresponding diol with concentrated hydrochloric acid: [8] As the alpha and beta substitutions increase with respect to leaving groups, the reaction is diverted from S N 2 to S N 1.

  6. Nucleophile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophile

    A hydroxide ion acting as a nucleophile in an S N 2 reaction, converting a haloalkane into an alcohol. In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they ...

  7. E1cB-elimination reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E1cB-elimination_reaction

    An example of the E1cB reaction mechanism in the degradation of a hemiketal under basic conditions. The E1cB elimination reaction is a type of elimination reaction which occurs under basic conditions, where the hydrogen to be removed is relatively acidic, while the leaving group (such as -OH or -OR) is a relatively poor one.

  8. Tertiary carbon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_carbon

    The transition states for SN1 reactions that showcases tertiary carbons have the lowest transition state energy level in SN1 reactions. A tertiary carbocation will maximize the rate of reaction for an SN1 reaction by producing a stable carbocation. This happens because the rate determining step of a SN1 reaction is the formation of the carbocation.

  9. Photosynthetic reaction centre - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_reaction_centre

    Two electrons are required to fully reduce the loosely bound plastoquinone molecule to QH 2 as well as the uptake of two protons. The difference between Photosystem II and the bacterial reaction center is the source of the electron that neutralizes the pair of chlorophyll a molecules. In the bacterial reaction center, the electron is obtained ...