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Direct obstetric deaths are causes of death due to complications of pregnancy, birth or termination. For example, these could range from severe bleeding to obstructed labor, for which there are highly effective interventions. [8] [1] Indirect obstetric deaths are caused by pregnancy interfering or worsening an existing condition, like a heart ...
It takes place in normal pregnancies as well as when there are obstetric or trauma related complications to pregnancy. Normally the maternal circulation and the fetal circulation are kept from direct contact with each other, with gas and nutrient exchange taking place across a membrane in the placenta made of two layers, the syncytiotrophoblast ...
Globally it occurs about 8.7 million times and results in 44,000 to 86,000 deaths per year making it the leading cause of death during pregnancy. [ 4 ] [ 2 ] [ 10 ] About 0.4 women per 100,000 deliveries die from PPH in the United Kingdom while about 150 women per 100,000 deliveries die in sub-Saharan Africa . [ 2 ]
Uterine distention caused by things like more than one fetus present, polyhydramnios, fetal macrosomia, uterine fibroids, chorioamnionitis can also lead to decreased uterine function and atony. Retained placental tissue or placental disorders, such as an adherent placenta, placenta previa , and abruption placentae increase the mother's risk of PPH.
Deep vein thrombosis, a form of venous thromboembolism, has an incidence of 0.5 to 7 per 1,000 pregnancies, and is the second most common cause of maternal death in developed countries after bleeding. [30] Caused by: Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability as a physiological response in preparation for the potential bleeding during childbirth. [30]
Bleeding before childbirth is that which occurs after 24 weeks of pregnancy. [4] Bleeding may be vaginal or less commonly into the abdominal cavity. Bleeding which occurs before 24 weeks is known as early pregnancy bleeding. Causes of bleeding before and during childbirth include cervicitis, placenta previa, placental abruption and uterine rupture.
Early pregnancy bleeding (also called first trimester bleeding) is vaginal bleeding before 14 weeks of gestational age. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] If the bleeding is significant, hemorrhagic shock may occur. [ 1 ] Concern for shock is increased in those who have loss of consciousness , chest pain, shortness of breath , or shoulder pain.
Placental abruption occurs in about 1 in 200 pregnancies. [5] Along with placenta previa and uterine rupture it is one of the most common causes of vaginal bleeding in the later part of pregnancy. [6] Placental abruption is the reason for about 15% of infant deaths around the time of birth. [2] The condition was described at least as early as ...