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As the fetal hypothalamus matures, activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis initiates labor through two hormonal mechanisms. The end pathway of both mechanisms lead to contractions in the myometrium, a mechanical cause of placental separation, which is due to the sheer force and contractile and involutive changes that occur within the uterus, distorting the placentome.
Perinatal asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm. [158] Hypoxic damage can also occur to most of the infant's organs ( heart , lungs , liver , gut , kidneys ), but brain damage is of most concern and perhaps the least ...
A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a person.The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth.
Birth injury refers to damage or injury to the child before, during, or just after the birthing process. "Birth trauma" refers specifically to mechanical damage sustained during delivery (such as nerve damage and broken bones). [1] The term "birth injury" may be used in two different ways:
[1] [2] [3] If the birth is imminent, emergency measures may be needed. [4] Emergency services can be contacted for help in some countries. [5] [6] Emergency childbirth can follow the same steps as a planned childbirth. However, the birth can have increased risks for complications due to the prematurity of the baby or the less than ideal location.
A spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) occurs when a pregnant woman goes into labor without the use of drugs or techniques to induce labor and delivers their baby without forceps, vacuum extraction, or a cesarean section. [1] An induced vaginal delivery is a delivery involving labor induction, where drugs or manual techniques are used to initiate ...
At birth, meiosis arrests at the diplotene phase of prophase I. [7] Oocytes will remain in this state until the time of puberty. At the time of ovulation a surge of LH initiates the resumption of meiosis and oocytes enter the second cycle, which is known as oocyte maturation. Meiosis is then arrested again during metaphase 2 until fertilisation ...
Once the fetus is sufficiently developed, chemical signals begin the process of birth, which begins with the fetus being pushed out of the birthing canal. The newborn, which is called an infant in humans, should typically begin respiration on its own shortly after birth. Not long after, the placenta eventually falls off on its own.