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Gladius, showing measurement of rachis and vane. The gladius (pl.: gladii), or pen, is a hard internal bodypart found in many cephalopods of the superorder Decapodiformes (particularly squids) and in a single extant member of the Octopodiformes, the vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis). [1]
Cephalopod limbs bear numerous suckers along their ventral surface as in octopus, squid and cuttlefish arms and in clusters at the ends of the tentacles (if present), as in squid and cuttlefish. [9] Each sucker is usually circular and bowl-like and has two distinct parts: an outer shallow cavity called an infundibulum and a central hollow ...
The second gene family known as C 2 H 2 are small proteins that function as zinc transcription factors. C 2 H 2 are understood to moderate DNA, RNA and protein functions within the cell. [152] The sequenced California two spot octopus genome also showed a significant presence of transposable elements as well as transposon expression.
The mantle cavity functions as a respiratory chamber in most mollusks. In bivalves it is usually part of the feeding structure. In some mollusks the mantle cavity is a brood chamber, and in cephalopods and some bivalves such as scallops, it is a locomotory organ. The mantle is highly muscular.
Squid are also known to be sensitive to temperature, salinity, and circulation in the water. [10] These habitat components can affect reproduction and life cycles. Chinese spear squid at different growth stages sometimes have different names among fishermen: they call the larvae of squid "small rolls", and the sub-adults are called "middle ...
The beak of a giant squid. All extant cephalopods have a two-part beak, or rostrum, situated in the buccal mass and surrounded by the muscular head appendages. The dorsal (upper) mandible fits into the ventral (lower) mandible and together they function in a scissor-like fashion. [1] [2] The beak may also be referred to as the mandibles or jaws ...
The vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis, lit. 'vampire squid from hell') is a small cephalopod found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The vampire squid uses its bioluminescent organs and its unique oxygen metabolism to thrive in the parts of the ocean with the lowest concentrations of oxygen.
Cephalopods exhibit various dermal structures on their mantles and other parts. These may take the form of conspicuous warts, cushions, papillae or scales, though in many species they are microscopic tubercles. [4] The most elaborate forms are found among the oceanic squid of the order Teuthida. [1] [5]