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Many bacteria, including Escherichia coli found in the large intestine, can synthesize vitamin K 2 (MK-7 up to MK-11), [69] but not vitamin K 1. In the vitamin K 2 synthesizing bacteria, menaquinone transfers two electrons between two different small molecules, during oxygen-independent metabolic energy production processes (anaerobic ...
These bacteria are mostly harmless or even beneficial to humans. [6] For example, some strains of E. coli benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K 2 [7] or by preventing the colonization of the intestine by harmful pathogenic bacteria.
[9] [14] Intestinal bacteria also play a role in synthesizing certain B vitamins and vitamin K as well as metabolizing bile acids, sterols, and xenobiotics. [5] [14] The systemic importance of the SCFAs and other compounds they produce are like hormones and the gut flora itself appears to function like an endocrine organ. [14]
Vitamin K 2 or menaquinone (MK) (/ ˌ m ɛ n ə ˈ k w ɪ n oʊ n /) is one of three types of vitamin K, the other two being vitamin K 1 (phylloquinone) and K 3 . K 2 is both a tissue and bacterial product (derived from vitamin K 1 in both cases) and is usually found in animal products or fermented foods .
Menadione is converted to vitamin K 2 (specifically, MK-4) by the prenyltransferase action of vertebrate UBIAD1. [4] This reaction requires the hydroquinone (reduced) form of K 3, menadiol, produced by NQO1. [6] Menadione is also a circulating form of vitamin K, produced in small amounts (1–5%) after intestinal absorption of K 1 and K 2.
Vitamin A: 996 µg. Vitamin K: 8. ... while vitamin C supports the production of white blood cells that help the body respond to illness. ... that supports digestive health by feeding the good ...
Foods with water help dilute stomach acid, minimizing reflux. Meanwhile, watermelon carries plenty of antioxidants like lycopene, carotenoids, and vitamin C to put systemic inflammation in its ...
Some human gut microorganisms benefit the host by fermenting dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic acid and butyric acid, which are then absorbed by the host. [5] [73] Intestinal bacteria also play a role in synthesizing vitamin B and vitamin K as well as metabolizing bile acids, sterols, and xenobiotics.
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