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  2. Complex number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number

    Complex numbers allow solutions to all polynomial equations, even those that have no solutions in real numbers. More precisely, the fundamental theorem of algebra asserts that every non-constant polynomial equation with real or complex coefficients has a solution which is a complex number.

  3. Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formula

    In fact, the same proof shows that Euler's formula is even valid for all complex numbers x. A point in the complex plane can be represented by a complex number written in cartesian coordinates. Euler's formula provides a means of conversion between cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates. The polar form simplifies the mathematics when used ...

  4. List of theorems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theorems

    Linear congruence theorem (number theory, modular arithmetic) Linear speedup theorem (computational complexity theory) Linnik's theorem (number theory) Lions–Lax–Milgram theorem (partial differential equations) Liouville's theorem (complex analysis, entire functions) Liouville's theorem (conformal mappings) Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian ...

  5. List of complex analysis topics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_complex_analysis...

    Complex analysis, traditionally known as the theory of functions of a complex variable, is the branch of mathematics that investigates functions of complex numbers.It is useful in many branches of mathematics, including number theory and applied mathematics; as well as in physics, including hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, and electrical engineering.

  6. Fundamental theorem of algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_algebra

    So, both z i + z j and z i z j are complex numbers. It is easy to check that every complex number has a complex square root, thus every complex polynomial of degree 2 has a complex root by the quadratic formula. It follows that z i and z j are complex numbers, since they are roots of the quadratic polynomial z 2 − (z i + z j)z + z i z j.

  7. Ramanujan's sum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan's_sum

    Download as PDF; Printable version; ... All the formulas in this section are from Ramanujan's 1918 paper. ... and s is a complex number, ...

  8. cis (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_(mathematics)

    x is the argument of the complex number (angle between line to point and x-axis in polar form). The notation is less commonly used in mathematics than Euler's formula, e ix, which offers an even shorter notation for cos x + i sin x, but cis(x) is widely used as a name for this function in software libraries.

  9. Complex analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis

    A complex function is a function from complex numbers to complex numbers. In other words, it is a function that has a (not necessarily proper) subset of the complex numbers as a domain and the complex numbers as a codomain. Complex functions are generally assumed to have a domain that contains a nonempty open subset of the complex plane.