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Biliary sludge has been associated with pregnancy, rapid weight loss, total parenteral nutrition, drugs such as ceftriaxone and octreotide, solid organ transplantation, and gastric surgery. [1] [2] In many of these conditions, it is thought that the impairment in the contractility of the gallbladder leads to the formation of the sludge. [2]
Bile acid malabsorption was first recognized in patients with ileal disease. [22] When other causes were recognized, and an idiopathic, primary form described, [23] a classification into three types was proposed: [24] Type 1: Bile acid malabsorption, secondary to ileal resection, or ileal inflammation (e.g. in Crohn's disease)
[2] [3] Ceftriaxone has been frequently associated with biliary sludge or biliary pseudolithiasis in subsequent reports. [3] Ceftriaxone is excreted primarily through the urine , but also through the bile, up to 40% of its excretion, with concentrations in the bile 20-150 times higher than in the serum.
extrahepatic bile duct; ampulla of Vater; cholelithiasis; cholecystitis; others (excluding postcholecystectomy syndrome), but including other obstructions of the gallbladder (like strictures) hydrops, perforation, fistula; cholesterolosis; biliary dyskinesia; K83: other diseases of the biliary tract:
Common bile duct stone, also known as choledocholithiasis, is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct (CBD) (thus choledocho-+ lithiasis). This condition can cause jaundice and liver cell damage. Treatments include choledocholithotomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
Regardless of the cause, sequestration of fluid within the abdomen leads to additional fluid retention by the kidneys due to stimulatory effect on blood pressure hormones, notably aldosterone. The sympathetic nervous system is also activated, and renin production is increased due to decreased perfusion of the kidney.
Symptoms of Wrinkles. Wrinkles are a symptom of aging, but some early signs of wrinkles can include fine lines. Later, deep wrinkles may form, particularly around the mouth, nose, eyes, and forehead.
Cholestatic pruritus is the sensation of itch due to nearly any liver disease, but the most commonly associated entities are primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, obstructive choledocholithiasis, carcinoma of the bile duct, cholestasis (also see drug-induced pruritus), and chronic hepatitis C viral infection and other forms of viral hepatitis.
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