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Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
This combination can lead to vitamin K deficiency and later onset bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency leads to the risk of blood coagulation problems due to impaired production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and protein S by the liver. More rarely VKDB can be caused by maternal medicines causing vitamin K deficiency in the newborn. [2]
VKAs diminish vitamin K levels in the body and inhibit the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors. [27] Thus, by inhibiting vitamin K, a key element by which the body produces clots, the risk of prolonged bleeding increases. [28] Traditionally, vitamin K has been used as a reversal agent for VKAs.
Phytomenadione, also known as vitamin K 1 or phylloquinone, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [4] [5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [6] It is used to treat certain bleeding disorders, [5] including warfarin overdose, vitamin K deficiency, and obstructive jaundice. [5]
Newborn infants are a special case. Plasma vitamin K is low at birth, even if the mother is supplemented during pregnancy, because the vitamin is not transported across the placenta. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) due to physiologically low vitamin K plasma concentrations is a serious risk for premature and term newborn and young infants.
Vitamin K 1-deficiency may occur by disturbed intestinal uptake (such as would occur in a bile duct obstruction), by therapeutic or accidental intake of a vitamin K 1-antagonist such as warfarin, or, very rarely, by nutritional vitamin K 1 deficiency. As a result, Gla-residues are inadequately formed and the Gla-proteins are insufficiently active.
The mother's antibodies can remain in the baby's bloodstream for weeks, and bleeding can occur in the baby before birth (fetal), during birth or after birth (neonatal). [ 9 ] A number of different proteins can cause NAIT, about 80% of cases are caused by antibodies against platelet antigen HPA -1a , 15% by anti- HPA -5b , and 5% by other ...
Fetal warfarin syndrome is a disorder of the embryo which occurs in a child whose mother took the medication warfarin (brand name: Coumadin) during pregnancy.Resulting abnormalities include low birth weight, slower growth, intellectual disability, deafness, small head size, and malformed bones, cartilage, and joints.