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In the first line of defense, inhaled bacteria are trapped by mucus and are swept toward the pharynx and are swallowed. [1] Bacteria which penetrate the mucous layer are dealt with a second line of defense which includes antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the surface epithelium of the respiratory tract which kill many strains of ...
[38] [39] Thanatosis is used as a second line of defence when detected by a potential predator and is commonly observed within the Dyspnoi and Laniatores suborders, [36] with individuals becoming rigid with legs either retracted or stretched. [40] [41] [42] [43]
Another common way of defense is by smearing a foul-smelling musk on their predators. The musk is originated from the contents of the anal gland and the intestinal tract. [1] The second line of defense, generally involves striking the intruder with their teeth if they are further provoked. [14]
Metabolic component: The third line of defense is slow, best measured by the base excess, [9] and mostly depends on the renal system which can add or remove bicarbonate ions (HCO − 3) to or from the ECF. [5] Bicarbonate ions are derived from metabolic carbon dioxide which is enzymatically converted to carbonic acid in the renal tubular cells.
An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. These include a wide variety of different toxins, viruses, intra- and extracellular bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body.
An Azerbaijani airliner carrying 67 people crashed near the city of Aktau in Kazakhstan on Wednesday, killing at least 38 who were on board, according to a Kazakh official.
Former Capitol Police officers present during the Jan. 6, 2021 insurrection said President-elect Trump’s commitment to pardon rioters is “a betrayal.” “It’s a betrayal, a stab in the ...
The scents of cinnamon and star anise add big flavors to this quick soup. Butter adds body and a silky texture. Fresh udon noodles take only a few minutes to cook, but dry udon noodles work well ...