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A 1982 World Bank report stated, "There exists a chronic shortage of skills which pervades not only the small manufacturing sector but the entire economy and the over-loaded government machine." [45]: 32 Tanzania, for example, had only two engineers at the beginning of the import-substitution period.
Economic theory generally shows higher trade barriers raise consumer prices and negatively impact economic output and income, according to the Tax Foundation, a nonpartisan tax policy nonprofit.
The trade-to-GDP ratio is an indicator of the relative importance of international trade in the economy of a country. It is calculated by dividing the aggregate value of imports and exports over a period by the gross domestic product for the same period. Although called a ratio, it is usually expressed as a percentage.
The notion of the balance of trade does not mean that exports and imports are "in balance" with each other. If a country exports a greater value than it imports, it has a trade surplus or positive trade balance, and conversely, if a country imports a greater value than it exports, it has a trade deficit or negative trade balance.
Economic globalization refers to the widespread international movement of goods, capital, services, technology and information. It is the increasing economic integration and interdependence of national, regional, and local economies across the world through an intensification of cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies and capital ...
In the late 1970s because of increase in oil prices, the cost of its oil imports increased by 200 percent in a year. In the early 1980s, exports in heavy industries reached UD$17.5 billion. Soon by the mid-1980s, Korea's economic growth was recognized internationally and world criticized its export intensive economy.
China's trade has been gradually declining for the past two years, though August's drops in export and imports were less severe than in July, when exports fell 14.5% from a year earlier while ...
The stagflation of the 1970s saw a U.S. economy characterized by slower GDP growth. In 1988, the United States ranked first in the world in the Economist Intelligence Unit "quality of life index" and third in the Economic Freedom of the World Index. [13] Over the long run, nations with trade surpluses tend also to have a savings surplus.