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In experimental psychology the term conditioned emotional response refers to a phenomenon that is seen in classical conditioning after a conditioned stimulus (CS) has been paired with an emotion-producing unconditioned stimulus (US) such as electric shock. [1]
Under this definition, a macroshock is almost always lethal due to causing ventricular fibrillation of the heart. [2] The passage of current from one part of the body to another, especially from arm to arm and therefore through the heart. By this definition, the magnitude of the current itself (in amperes) is the most important factor. In ...
An electrical injury, (electric injury) or electrical shock (electric shock) is damage sustained to the skin or internal organs on direct contact with an electric current. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The injury depends on the density of the current , tissue resistance and duration of contact. [ 4 ]
It is important to note that microshock (or micro-shock) are not IEV [2] defined terms and are not used in any international standard. "Micro-shock" is an otherwise imperceptible electric current applied directly, or in very close proximity, to the heart muscle of sufficient strength, frequency, and duration to cause disruption of normal cardiac function.
Modern shock voltage is given for a shorter duration of 0.5 milliseconds where conventional brief pulse is 1.5 milliseconds. [ 31 ] In a review from 2022 of neuroimaging studies based on a global data collaboration ECT was suggested to work via a temporary disruption of neural circuits followed by augmented neuroplasticity and rewiring.
Shock therapy describes a set of techniques used in psychiatry to treat depressive disorder or other mental illnesses. It covers multiple forms, such as inducing seizures or other extreme brain states, or acting as a painful method of aversive conditioning .
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Shock (mechanics), a sudden acceleration or deceleration Shock absorber; Shock mount; Shock wave. Oblique shock; Shock (fluid dynamics), an abrupt discontinuity in the flow field; Bow shock, in planetary science and astronomy; Electric shock; Shock chlorination of water to reduce bacteria and algae; Shocks and discontinuities ...