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A directorial republic is a government system with power divided among a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government. Merchant republic: In the early Renaissance, a number of small, wealthy, trade-based city-states embraced republican ideals, notably across Italy and the Baltic.
Niklas Luhmann was a prominent sociologist and social systems theorist who laid the foundations of modern social system thought. [5] He based his definition of a "social system" on the mass network of communication between people and defined society itself as an "autopoietic" system, meaning a self-referential and self-reliant system that is ...
It defines the process for making official government decisions. It usually comprizes the governmental legal and economic system, social and cultural system, and other state and government specific systems. However, this is a very simplified view of a much more complex system of categories involving the questions of who should have authority ...
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a means by which organizational policies are enforced, as
For example, in a single computer system, this would be the computer's architecture, operating system (OS), and runtime libraries. [2] In the case of an application program or a computer video game , the most relevant layer is the operating system, so it can be called a platform itself (hence the term cross-platform for software that can be ...
In sociology and organizational studies, institutional theory is a theory on the deeper and more resilient aspects of social structure. It considers the processes by which structures, including schemes, rules, norms, and routines, become established as authoritative guidelines for social behavior. [1]
Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. While originally developed for x86 based personal computers, it has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system, [30] and is used on a wide variety of devices including PCs, workstations, mainframes and embedded systems.
Model-driven approach focuses on model building and finding universal laws which govern human behavior in societies, for example social simulations or social physics. Digital society-focused approach, where computational social scientists seek to address problems emerging in algorithmic society, such as algorithmic bias.