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In cryptography, an S-box (substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext, thus ensuring Shannon's property of confusion. Mathematically, an S-box is a nonlinear [1] vectorial Boolean function ...
The Rijndael S-box can be replaced in the Rijndael cipher, [1] which defeats the suspicion of a backdoor built into the cipher that exploits a static S-box. The authors claim that the Rijndael cipher structure is likely to provide enough resistance against differential and linear cryptanalysis even if an S-box with "average" correlation ...
This substitution should be one-to-one, to ensure invertibility (hence decryption). In particular, the length of the output should be the same as the length of the input (the picture on the right has S-boxes with 4 input and 4 output bits), which is different from S-boxes in general that could also change the length, as in Data Encryption ...
In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with the ciphertext, in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth.
The Caesar cipher is named after Julius Caesar, who, according to Suetonius, used it with a shift of three (A becoming D when encrypting, and D becoming A when decrypting) to protect messages of military significance. [4] While Caesar's was the first recorded use of this scheme, other substitution ciphers are known to have been used earlier. [5 ...
Khufu and Khafre – 64-bit block ciphers; Kuznyechik – Russian 128-bit block cipher, defined in GOST R 34.12-2015 and RFC 7801. LION – block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson; LOKI89/91 – 64-bit block ciphers; LOKI97 – 128-bit block cipher, AES candidate
The ACA was formed on September 1, 1930. Initially the primary interest was in monoalphabetic substitution ciphers (also known as "single alphabet" or "Aristocrat" puzzles). This has since been extended to dozens of different systems, such as Playfair, autokey, transposition, and Vigenère ciphers.
The list of ciphers in this work included both substitution and transposition, and for the first time, a cipher with multiple substitutions for each plaintext letter. Charles Babbage, UK, 19th century mathematician who, about the time of the Crimean War, secretly developed an effective attack against polyalphabetic substitution ciphers.