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Taylor series are used to define functions and "operators" in diverse areas of mathematics. In particular, this is true in areas where the classical definitions of functions break down. For example, using Taylor series, one may extend analytic functions to sets of matrices and operators, such as the matrix exponential or matrix logarithm.
Faà di Bruno's formula gives coefficients of the composition of two formal power series in terms of the coefficients of those two series. Equivalently, it is a formula for the nth derivative of a composite function. Lagrange reversion theorem for another theorem sometimes called the inversion theorem; Formal power series#The Lagrange inversion ...
The Taylor series of f converges uniformly to the zero function T f (x) = 0, which is analytic with all coefficients equal to zero. The function f is unequal to this Taylor series, and hence non-analytic. For any order k ∈ N and radius r > 0 there exists M k,r > 0 satisfying the remainder bound above.
In mathematics, every analytic function can be used for defining a matrix function that maps square matrices with complex entries to square matrices of the same size.. This is used for defining the exponential of a matrix, which is involved in the closed-form solution of systems of linear differential equations.
In probability theory, it is possible to approximate the moments of a function f of a random variable X using Taylor expansions, provided that f is sufficiently differentiable and that the moments of X are finite.
A Laurent series is a generalization of the Taylor series, allowing terms with negative exponents; it takes the form = and converges in an annulus. [6] In particular, a Laurent series can be used to examine the behavior of a complex function near a singularity by considering the series expansion on an annulus centered at the singularity.
Two cases arise: The first case is theoretical: when you know all the coefficients then you take certain limits and find the precise radius of convergence.; The second case is practical: when you construct a power series solution of a difficult problem you typically will only know a finite number of terms in a power series, anywhere from a couple of terms to a hundred terms.
In fact, for a smooth enough function, we have the similar Taylor expansion (+) = | | ()! + (,), where the last term (the remainder) depends on the exact version of Taylor's formula.