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Average number of moderate-to-severe hot flashes per week with placebo and different doses of oral estradiol in menopausal women [40] [41]. Estradiol is used in menopausal hormone therapy to prevent and treat moderate to severe menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness and atrophy, and osteoporosis (bone loss). [11]
The risk of VTE with estradiol/nomegestrol acetate birth control pills is under study. [11] Incidence of irregular vaginal bleeding may be higher with estradiol-containing birth control pills in relation to the fact that estradiol is a weaker estrogen than ethinylestradiol in the endometrium. [3]
In particular, estrogen applied topically may have a different spectrum of side effects than when administered orally, [11] and transdermal estrogens do not affect clotting as they are absorbed directly into the systemic circulation, avoiding first-pass metabolism in the liver.
The influence of 2 mg/day oral estradiol valerate on coagulation factors is less than that of 10 μg/day oral ethinylestradiol. [ 93 ] [ 26 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] Oral ethinylestradiol at 10 μg/day has been found to have about 1.5- to 2.5-fold the impact of 2 mg/day oral estradiol valerate on HDL cholesterol and triglycerides .
[1] [2] It is a unique progestogen, with strong effects in the uterus. [2] The medication has some antiandrogenic activity, which may help to improve androgen-dependent symptoms like acne, and has no other important hormonal activity. [1] [2] [7] [15] [16] Dienogest was discovered in 1979 and was introduced for medical use in 1995.
Ethinylestradiol (EE) is an estrogen medication which is used widely in birth control pills in combination with progestins. [7] [8] In the past, EE was widely used for various indications such as the treatment of menopausal symptoms, gynecological disorders, and certain hormone-sensitive cancers.
Various formulations (10-50 μg estrogen (average 20–35) [16] and 0.05–3 mg progesterone [17]) 9% failure rate with typical use (method not used consistently or correctly) 0.3% failure rate with perfect use [7] [18] Meant to be taken at the same time every day (some pills can be taken within 2–24 hours and still be effective) [19]
With bi- and tri-phasic pills, skipping the placebo week results in a sudden change in hormone levels, which may cause irregular spotting or flow. (Monophasic pills offer the same dose of estrogen and progestogen whereas multiphasic pills have varying doses from day to day; see formulations for details.) [citation needed]
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